Constitutional Law essays

Constitutional Law essays The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects the privacy interest of citizens from unlawful governmental intrusion or unreasonable search and seizure by the government and accomplishes this by barring any evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendments protection from use at trial. THE FOURTH AMENDMENT to the U.S. Constitution reads: "The right of the people to be secure in their persons, house, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized." Like other amendments that constitute the Bill of Rights, it was written and ratified to protect the citizenry against overweening government, but none of those amendments is self-enforcing. Much of the debate surrounding the enforcement of the Fourth Amendment has focused on the so-called exclusionary ruleon whether it is wise or constitutionally necessary. Under that rule, evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment is ordinarily inadmissible in a criminal trial. A quick example will illustrate how the rule operates. If a policeman got a tip that a particular person was a drug dealer, the officer might launch an investigation to determine if the allegation was true. However, if he decided to break into the suspect's home without a search warrant, his effort would be for naught. Even if the officer found drugs on the kitchen table, that evidence would be useless because the suspect's attorney could demand that the trial judge bar its admission as being illegally obtained. Without that evidence, prosecutors would be unable to prove a crime had occurred. Conservatives often oppose the exclusionary rule as not grounded in the Constitution, not a deterrent to police misconduct, and not helpful in the search for truth in crimina...

AP Calculus BC Score and Course Credit Guide

AP Calculus BC Score and Course Credit Guide Of all the Advanced Placement courses a high school student can take, AP Calculus BC is probably the one that will most impress colleges. Nearly all colleges and universities will offer college credit for a high score on the exam. This includes top engineering schools such as MIT, Stanford, and Georgia Tech. About the AP Calculus BC Exam The AP Calculus BC exam covers topics such as functions, graphs, limits, derivatives and integrals. Unlike the Calculus AB exam, it also covers  parametric, polar, and vector functions. Because the BC exam covers more material than the AB test, it often offers students higher course placement, more course credit, and greater acceptance at colleges with rigorous math programs. Most colleges and universities have a math or quantitative reasoning requirement, so a high score on the AP Calculus BC exam will often fulfill this requirement. But the exam is more difficult, and in 2018 just 139,376 students took the BC exam. By comparison, 308,538 students took the Calculus AB exam. Youll notice, however, that the average scores on the BC exam tend to be higher than those on the AB exam. Dont be fooled into thinking this means the BC exam is easier or has a more forgiving grading standard. The reality is that the scores are higher because the students who take the BC exam tend to come from schools with strong math programs. The comparison of BC and AB exam takers is fairly easy, for the College Board released AB subscores for students who take the BC exam (the content of the AB exam is part of the BC exam). In 2018, the mean score for students taking the Calculus AB exam was a 2.94. The mean AB subscore for students taking the BC exam was a 3.97. AP Calculus BC Score Information The AP Calculus BC exam tends to be taken by very strong students, so the scores are higher than most other AP exams. In 2018, 79.8% of test-takers scored a 3 or higher indicating that they might qualify for college credit. The mean was a 3.8, and scores were distributed as follows: AP Calculus BC Score Percentiles (2018 Data) Score Number of Students Percentage of Students 5 56,324 40.4 4 25,982 18.6 3 28,891 20.7 2 20,349 14.6 1 7,830 5.6 To learn more specific information about the AP Calculus BC exam, be sure to visit the official College Board website. AP Calculus BC College Course Placement The table below presents some representative data from a variety of colleges and universities. This information is meant to provide a general overview of the scoring and placement practices related to the AP Calculus BC exam. Youll want to contact the appropriate Registrars office to get AP placement information for a particular college, and the placement information can change from year to year. AP Calculus BC Scores and Placement College Score Needed Placement Credit Georgia Tech 3, 4 or 5 MATH 1501 (4 semester hours) Grinnell College 3, 4 or 5 4 semester credits; MAT 123, 124, 131; 4 additional credits are possible for a 4 or 5 LSU 3, 4 or 5 MATH 1550 (5 credits) for a 3; MATH 1550 and 1552 (9 credits) for a 4 or 5 MIT 4 or 5 18.01, Calculus I (12 units) Mississippi State University 3, 4 or 5 MA 1713 (3 credits) for a 3; MA 1713 and 1723 (6 credits) for a 4 or 5 Notre Dame 3, 4 or 5 Mathematics 10250 (3 credits) for a 3; Mathematics 10550 and 10560 (8 credits) for a 4 or 5 Reed College 4 or 5 1 credit; placement determined in consultation with the faculty Stanford University 3, 4 or 5 MATH 42 (5 quarter units) for a 3; MATH 51 (10 quarter units) for a 4 or 5 Truman State University 3, 4 or 5 MATH 198 Analytic Geometry Calculus I and MATH 263 Analytic Geometry Calculus II (10 credits) UCLA (School of Letters and Science) 3, 4 or 5 8 credits and Calculus for a 3; 8 credits and MATH 31A and Calculus for a 4; 8 credits and MATH 31A and 31B for a 5 Yale University 4 or 5 1 credit for a 4; 2 credits for a 5 A Final Word about AP Calculus BC AP classes are important in the college admissions process, and Calculus BC is one of the best AP subjects you can take. Many students struggle in math, and if you are successful in this AP class, you are showing that you are well prepared for the challenges of college-level mathematics. The course is a particularly good choice for students planning to enter engineering, science, and business fields.

Designing Networking (WAN) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Designing Networking (WAN) - Essay Example To transfer a 972.222kb data in less than two minutes we can have an Internet connection which has an upload speed of 32kbps. If we take 256 kbps of access speed connectivity then down load would be 256 divided by 4 and upload would be 256 divided by 8. These are standard calculation to choose an Internet connection. If continuous connectivity is required then we can choose DSL connectivity or else a dial up connectivity would be sufficient. A 256kbps dial up connectivity can upload 32 kb per second that is equal to 1920 kb per minute which is 3840kb i.e 3.75mb for two minutes which exceeds our requirement. This type of connectivity is ideal for Fargo to Denver. For a link to this configuration we need a DS3 dedicated link which can support a 45mb per second. This is the most ideal line type for the given data transfer. To have a DS3 link we need to have a multiplexer, router and a switch. Switch = Cisco catalyst 4605 which can support more than 200 users. A 45 mbps dedicated link would be the cheapest and reliable line type from Minneapolis to Denver which does not need an Internet connection. This connectivity is called a tie line. The same can be used for even voice connectivity from Denver to Minneapolis. For the St.Louis to Denver connectivity a 256 kpbs dial up connectivity would be an ideal line type. Since only a 100 kbps data transfer is needed. Dial up is advised since the connectivity needed is intermittent. The Nortel multiplexer is connected to a Cisco router and from there a Cisco switch is connected. From the switch we can many interfaces. Fargo and St.Louis connect to the main office through Internet. Only Minneapolis connect to Denver using a DS3 45 MBPS dedicated link. Nortel 7480 multiplexer WAN diagram showing four location connectivity Data transfer calculations for St.Louis. 100kb = 100/1024 = 0.09mb. a 256 kbps dial up would far exceed the 100 kbps requirement. Reference Development Gateway. (2006) Information and Communication Technologies for Development. [online]. Available from: http://topics.developmentgateway.org/ict. [Accessed 6 Dec. 2006]. Frost. (2006) Growth Partnership Service: Information and Communication Technologies. [online]. Available from: http://www.frost.com/prod/servlet/svcg.pag/IT00. [Accessed 6 Dec. 2006]. Chumbley, Lloyd. (n.d.) E-technology. [online]. Available from: http://www.megaessays.com/viewpaper/61504.html. [Accessed 6 Dec.

Globalisation, the World Economy,MNEs and Emerging markets Essay

Globalisation, the World Economy,MNEs and Emerging markets - Essay Example The policymakers influenced the regulatory regime under which both MNCs and local business partners operate. They focused in understanding how operation of multinational firms affects the economic development and nationwide wellbeing. The anticipation that FDI will benefit the local economy has motivated many governments to present striking incentive packages to attract investors. The underlying principle was that the social repayment of incoming FDI would surpass the personal benefits of FDI and investors would take into account only the latter when deciding over investment locations. The policy debate requires scientific evidence on how and to what extent, FDI will impact the local surroundings. The impact of MNCs on host countries was still not well understood, despite having the policy relevance. (Bhagwati, 2004; Bartlett et al. 2004) This paper will take into account one particular emerging economy and find out the factors that play crucial role in attracting MNCs towards it. Fo r this paper China has been chosen. Key factors that make the emerging market attractive to MNEs: China has a number of advantages that are country specific and are believed to be the major factors that work behind attracting FDI to the country. According to the researchers (Swain and Wang, 1995, Liu et al, 1997, Zhang, 2002) the factors that make the emerging market attractive to MNEs identified by FDI theories can be classified into three categories – Micro, Macro and Strategic factors The Micro factors relate to the advantages related to ownership of including product differentiation and the firm size. The Macro factors stress on the market dimension and the expansion of the host country, which is determined by GDP, GDP per capita, GNP or GNP per capita, as rapid economic expansion may generate large home markets and businesses. Other macro factors are taxes, political risk, rates of exchange, and so on. (Dicken, 2007) The Strategic factors relate to long-term determinants such as efforts to protect existing foreign markets, to spread out activities of firms, to uphold a grip in the host nation and to balance another type of investment. Since 1980, the GDP of China has grown between 8-9% per year. Researches were evident that the market size determined by GDP, GDP per capita, GNP, or GNP per capita has a major consequence on inward FDI. Speedy economic augmentation has created huge domestic markets and business prospects for foreign firms to invest in China. Swain and Zhang (1997) analyzed the data of FDI in China for the period of 1978-92 and have used GDP and real GDP growth rate. Liu et al (1997) using GDP, GDP growth, wages, reached to the conclusion that the size of market s the fourth most significant economic determinant for the pledged FDI in China. Their empirical results showed that the rate of growth of real GDP was significantly related to attracting MNEs in China. The direct and positive relationship between market size and inward FDI is also found by Zhang (2000) and Wei and Liu (2001) who showed that both US and Hong Kong MNEs were attracted by the large market size of China. This reflected the market-seeking motive of foreign firms to shift their focus from mainly export-oriented investments towards the Chinese markets. Therefore, most results of the empirical researches agreed with each other that market size was

Employee Motivation Programs Essay Example for Free

Employee Motivation Programs Essay Keep your workers inspired by utilizing an employee motivation program inShare Your company can benefit by employee motivation. Its important to reward your staff for their hard work through recognition, special privileges or gifts. An employee motivation program shows your staff that your company cares about their success. Motivate your staff and their production will exceed expectations. Increase production and employee satisfaction as your business implements workforce motivation. Employee motivation techniques create the foundation that keeps your workforce happy and productive. Encourage teamwork, which improves your companys success as well as staff motivation. A supportive work atmosphere leads to positive motivation for employees and improves morale. Enjoy workers in the company who have a great attitude and are an example for new staff member joining the organization. Motivating employees can come in many forms. Here are a few ideas to get you started: 1. Consider an employee motivational training program. 2. Use employee motivational articles and other materials to inspire your workers. 3. Give your gifts as an incentive to increase staff motivation. Implement a training program to increase employee’s motivation Training programs use employee motivation theories to offer the best classes and training tools for your company. Some of the most successful companies in the world use training programs for worker motivation. Try: Dale Carnegie Training is a well-established company that understands the benefits of business employee motivation. Training Camp has on-site training as well as an online computer course. Inspire your crew with employee motivation articles and posters The use of visual aids changes how employees view their success. Weve all seen the motivational posters and articles but these can be more beneficial than you might think. The use of attractive and eye-catching materials that cover encouragement, innovation, leadership and make it happen, are subjects used for motivational posters. Try: Successories has an unlimited amount of motivational posters ranging in any subject. Future Think has motivational materials that guide you on how to recognize and reward innovation. Create worker motivation with incentives Employees love rewards for hard work and a wonderful motivational tool is gift incentives. Your staff will strive to do their best and it challenges them to improve productivity through friendly competition and recognition for a job well done. Try: Swift Prepaid Solutions offers prepaid gift cards that you can use to incite your employees to achieve certain goals. You can use them for the best sales or a job well done. Circuit City has a program where you can hand out gift cards to your deserving employees. †¢Employees need to feel encouragement and motivational techniques can achieve the goal of motivating employees on a daily basis. †¢Use an employee motivation survey to gage the morale of your workforce. Ask the staff to indicate what motivates them. Basic choices include recognition, monetary rewards and special privileges.

Media Equation Essay -- essays research papers fc

The media equation is a theory developed by two professors of communication, Byron Reeves and Clifford Nass, at Stanford University. The theory is simple. They state that people treat the media as if they were real, hence the equation: media = real life. Basically Reeves and Nass are saying that people on an unconscious level perceive the media as real. People view objects of the media are talking to them personally. Reeves and Nass view things such as computers, televisions, radios, and other media’s as inanimate objects. They don’t believe that these objects are about to get up and move as if they were alive, but that the objects that relay the media are reacted to as though they were alive.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Reeves and Nass credit the slow pace of evolution as the reason that the human race responds socially and naturally to the media: â€Å"The Human brain evolved in a world in which only humans exhibited rich social behaviors, and a world in which all perceived objects were real physical objects. Anything that seemed to be a real person or place was real.† So we haven’t yet adapted to the twentieth century media that only depict images, but which themselves personify the characteristics of human actors.† (Griffin, pages 375-376)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To prove their theory Reeves and Nass held experiments. One is an experiment that they did with television. They gathered a group of students to participate. â€Å"The goal of the study was to show that responses to television content could be changed when the television sets were assigned particular roles.† (Reeves and Nass, page 122). They took two groups of students and gave them specific tasks. The first group was to watch two separate televisions, called specialist TVs. One TV was identified as â€Å"News† and the other one was identified as â€Å"Entertainment†. For each TV the participants wee in different chairs. The other group was to watch one TV with both news and entertainment, called generalist TVs. The TV was labeled â€Å"News and Entertainment†. The students who watched the specialist TV said the news was more important and the entertainment was more interesting than the ones who watched the generalists TVs. â€Å"Consistent with the hypothesis that specialist TVs provide more representative content than do generalist TVs.† (Reeves and Nass, page 135)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The other exper... ...fore, with all the qualifications met for a good theory I would say it is safe to say that this is a very good theory. Bibliography 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Geiger, Seth; Reeves, Byron. â€Å"The Effects of Scene Changes and Semantic Relatedness.† Communication Research Vol. 20 April 1993: pages 155-171. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Griffin, Em. Communication, A First Look At Communication Theory. San Diego: McGraw-Hill, 2000. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Leshner, Glenn; Reeves, Byron; et al. â€Å"Switching Channels: The Effects of Television Channels on the Mental Representation of Television.† Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media Vol. 42 Winter 1998: pages 21-33. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Moon, Youngme; Nass, Clifford. â€Å"How ‘Real† Are Computer Personalities?† Communication Research Vol. 23 December 1996: pages 651-670. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nass, Clifford; Reeves, Byron; Leshner, Glen. â€Å"Technology and Roles: A Tale of Two TVs.† Journal of Communication Vol. 24: pages 122-136. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nass, Clifford; Sundar, Shyam S. â€Å"Is Human-Computer Interaction Social or Parasocial?† Human Communication Research August 17, 1994: 114-126.

Prostate Cancer

PROSTATE cancer (PCa) is one of the biggest threats to men’s health. It tends to develop in men over the age of fifty and is considered as one of the most common cancers among males around the globe. It is estimated that prostate cancer kills one man almost every 19 minutes while a new case is detected every two and a half minutes. According to the Philippine Cancer Society Inc. ’s (PCSI) population-based cancer registry, 10 men out of 100,000 will suffer from prostate cancer. In recent years, this statistic has translated to an estimated 4,254 prostate cancer patients in the Philippines.Sadly, most of them are unaware of the symptoms of how they can be tested for it or of how the disease can be treated. This is unfortunate because – like most cancers – the earlier prostate cancer is diagnosed, the greater the chances of it being successfully treated. With this alarming number of prostate cancer patients, June has been declared as Prostate Cancer Awareness Month. It is a month dedicated for men to be made aware that â€Å"the silent-killer† doesn’t really have to kill. If they know about it, they can win against it.Prostate cancer is a form of cancer that develops in the prostate, an accessory sex gland in the male reproductive system. Most prostate cancers are slow growing, but some can be very aggressive. Prostate cancer may cause pain, difficulty in urination, problems during sexual intercourse, or, even, erectile dysfunction. But, more commonly, it may not produce any symptoms at all until the later stages. Many factors, including genetics and diet, have been implicated in the development of prostate cancer.Diagnosing it is facilitated by 2 main tests: the DRE or Digital Rectal Exam – which can be performed in the clinic by the urologist and the PSA or Prostate Specific Antigen – a blood exam which is done in most labs. At times, it may become necessary to have a transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) of the pr ostate done. May mga screening tests gaya ng pagkapa ng doktor sa prostata sa Digital Rectal Exam (DRE)  o ang pagsusuri sa dugo ng Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA). Ito'y maaaring gawin bawat 1-2 taon mula sa edad 40.Magpatingin sa doktor para sa anumang sintomas ng pag-ihi gaya ng balisawsaw na hindi nawawala, parang may natitirang ihi sa pantog, pag-ihi ng dugo, pagtitibi at pamamayat. The Prostate Cancer Awareness Month June 15, 2012, 10:28pm MANILA, Philippines — Recognizing that prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer affecting the male population of the world, Prostate Cancer Awareness Month is celebrated in many countries around the globe to heighten awareness of the disease which affects 250,000 and which causes one death every hour.In the Philippines, June of every year is celebrated as Prostate Cancer Awareness Month. Prostate cancer occurs when the cells of the prostate – a small, walnut-shaped gland found below the bladder – mutate into c ancer cells. These cells may spread from the prostate to other parts of the body, such as the lymph nodes and the bones. While the exact cause of prostate cancer remains unknown, a number of risk factors have been identified, including age, family history, diet, infection, and inflammation of the prostate.Men who eat a lot of red meat or high-fat dairy products, and eat fewer fruits and vegetables are most like to get the disease. Nine out of 10 adults are unaware that cancer of the prostate can develop slowly, unnoticed. Men with early stages of prostate cancer seldom experience symptoms; these manifest after several years when the cancer is large enough to put pressure on the urethra (the tube that drains urine from the bladder).Some of the symptoms are: Difficulty and pain in passing urine; passing urine more frequent than usual, especially at night; traces of blood in the urine; and erectile dysfunction. Early last year, the House of Representatives transmitted to the Senate Hou se Bill 590 (Prostate Cancer Public Awareness Act) calling for the creation of a public education program on killer diseases, including prostate cancer and other leading types of cancer.Males aged 40 and above are encouraged to undergo regular physical examinations for prostate cancer and other types of cancer. Let us also encourage male members of our families and households to have a regular and thorough physical examination especially when they reach the age 40, as early detection of prostate cancer will enable them to immediately seek appropriate medical treatment.Relevant government and private institutions would do well to intensify research efforts to better understand the disease, and achieve breakthroughs in terms of prevention and cure. CONGRATULATIONS! prostate cancer now ranks as the 6th most common cancer in the Philippines, the 4th most common cancer among males? Kanser sa baga (Lung cancer) Kanser sa atay (liver cancer) Kanser sa prostata (prostate cancer) Kanser sa b ituka (colon cancer)

Fita Analyzation

I. Narrative structure â€Å"YES OR OO†, which is the word that would love the guy to hear from the girl he is courting, but there are times that the girls, means this in a more different way. And that’s what FITA commercial wants to show us with the use of their product. The story of the FITA commercial is about a suitor who doesn’t figure out that the girl he is courting, answered him already. And the story goes like this. . . The guy (suitor) fetched Claris, the girl he is courting in the gymnasium. He grabbed the bag of Claris and put it on his back, Claris saw the FITA biscuit in the pocket of her bag then she grabbed and opened it. While they are walking inside the gym, the guy started to whine over Claris and told her that he’s courting her for about 2 years and yet there’s nothing happened with their relationshipand said â€Å"kailan ko ba maririnig ang matamis mong oo? †The guy look back at Claris then she raised a two pieces of FITA biscuit in her hands while smiling at him and finally decide to accept the guys love thru showing him the biscuit, depicting OO, or YES. The guy just grabbed the piece of FITA and jut ate it and said that â€Å"naghihintay na lng ba ko sa wala? † So Claris frowned and just ate the FITA she’s holding. The commercial is a dramatic comedy in a way that when the guy didn’t get what Claris means by showing the 2 pieces of FITA. II. Characters â€Å"The next hottest love team in town† That’s what the 2 main characters in the commercial wants to portray. The leading man is the suitor named Arran Sese in real life that is good looking, stands 5’9†w /white complexion and a dark brown hair. In the commercial, he is a college student that’s somewhat 18 to 20 yrs. ld and he’s voice is natural and there’s no something strange about it but he speaks very well specially when he whined with Claris, acts as the leading lady, named Amanda Lapus in real life with an angelic face who stands 5’7†w/ a white complexion and a black shiny hair. Again in the comm ercial, Claris is the girl who is being courted by the guy. They did not directly advertise the product by saying that people should buy FITA; instead, they used it as props in the commercial. They help sell the products by showing humility that remarks in the mind of the viewers of what the guy did, that he didn’t get that Claris already means yes.

Response to Cyrano de Bergerac and to the movies Cyrano de Bergerac and Roxanne essays

Response to Cyrano de Bergerac and to the movies Cyrano de Bergerac and Roxanne essays The author of Cyrano de Bergerac is Edmond Rostand. Edmond Rostand was born on April 1, 1868 in Marseille, France. He was obsessed with literature in general, but was especially interested in theater. His first drama was called The Romantics, then Cyrano de Bergerac, Chantecler, and The Last Night of Don Juan. Cyrano de Bergerac was his greatest work and accomplishment, the first production was on December 28, 1897. Edmond died on December 2, 1918. He was a French poet and dramatist who wrote for 30 years. I liked Cyrano e Bergerac, but it was a sad story. I liked watching the movie Roxanne. It was in English and in color, I also understood the plot since I read the book. I didn't like watching the French version with subtitles because I don't take French, so I didn't understand it. It was hard to watch what was going on, listen to the tone of the voices, and read the subtitles at the same time. Sometimes I got lost or didn't know how the lines were expressed. For instance, whether the person was sad, happy, or mad. I also like to be able to just watch a movie, when they are in English you don't have to hang on each word or read what they just said. It's not the same with subtitles at all. You interpret everything very differently. You can pick up the sound of the voice through the French, but it's still very different. I would have rather watched the old black and white version because it was in English. I think I would have understood it a little better. Reading Cyrano de Bergerac was very helpful when we watched the movies. When I read it by myself to catch up I was very confused because it was hard to make the transition of who was talking. When we read it in class and different people played different parts it was much easier to follow along. The different voices helped in the transition of who was talking. It was also a little difficult sometimes because sometimes something would n ...

Invention of Credit Cards

Invention of Credit Cards What is credit? And what is a credit card? Credit is a method of selling goods or services without the buyer having cash in hand. So a credit card is simply an automatic way of offering credit to a consumer. Today, every credit card carries an identification number that speeds up shopping transactions. Imagine what a credit purchase would be like without it.  The sales person would have to record your identity, billing address and terms of repayment. According to Encyclopedia Britannica, the use of credit cards originated in the United States during the 1920s, when individual firms, such as oil companies and hotel chains, began issuing them to customers. However, references to credit cards have been made as far back as 1890 in Europe. Early credit cards involved sales directly between the merchant offering the credit and credit card and that merchants customer. Around 1938, companies started to accept each others cards. Today, credit cards allow you to make purchases with countless third parties. The Shape of Credit Cards Credit cards were not always been made of plastic. Throughout history, there have been credit tokens made from metal coins, metal plates, and celluloid, metal, fiber, paper and now mostly plastic cards. First Bank Credit Card The inventor of the first bank issued credit card was John Biggins of the Flatbush National Bank of Brooklyn in New York. In 1946, Biggins invented the Charge-It program between bank customers and local merchants. The way it worked was that merchants could deposit sales slips into the bank and the bank billed the customer who used the card. Diners Club Credit Card In 1950, the Diners Club issued their credit card in the United States. The Diners Club credit card was invented by Diners  Club founder Frank McNamara as a way to pay restaurant bills. A customer could eat without cash at any restaurant that would accept Diners Club credit cards. Diners Club would pay the restaurant and the credit card holder would repay Diners Club. The Diners Club card was at first technically a charge card rather than a credit card since the customer had to repay the entire amount when billed by Diners  Club. American Express issued their first credit card in 1958. Bank of America issued the BankAmericard (now Visa) bank credit card later in 1958. The Popularity of Credit Cards Credit cards were first promoted to traveling salesmen (they were more common in that era) for use on the road. By the early 1960s, more companies offered credit cards by advertising them as a time-saving device rather than a form of credit. American Express and MasterCard became huge successes overnight. By the mid-70s, the U.S. Congress begin regulating the credit card industry by banning practices such as the mass mailing of active credit cards to those who had not requested them. However, not all regulations have been as consumer friendly. In 1996, the U.S. Supreme Court in case Smiley vs. Citibank lifted restrictions on the number of late penalty fees a credit card company could charge. Deregulation has also allowed very high-interest rates to be charged.

Global Financial Stability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Global Financial Stability - Essay Example When the FED raises interest rates the value of the dollar tends to go up. â€Å"An increase in the foreign exchange value of the dollar, in turn, would raise the price in foreign cur ­rency of U.S. goods traded on world markets and lower the dollar price of goods imported into the United States† (Federalreserve) The growth of the U.S banking industry oversees has been significant since the 1950’s. In 1950 there were seven U.S. banks operating oversees with 126 branches; by 1976 the U.S. had 731 branches abroad (Fieleke). In 1978 the value of the total assets of U.S. banks oversee had reach $306 billion which is nearly 100 times higher than its asset balance 20 years earlier. U.S. banks were motivated to expand oversees because the international branches had a higher return on investment than the domestic bank branches. The U.S. banks that operated oversees were able to steal market share from the local banks due to their superior marketing expertise. The balance of p ayments records and tracks all the financial transaction made by consumers, government, and the business community with other nations. It measures the amount of imports that entered the United States territory. The biggest imported of goods in the world is the United States. The reason for this phenomenon is the high gross domestic product per capita of the people and the consumerism culture of American citizens. The United States has taken advantage of its banking industry to generate money oversees. The U.S has also used its power and economic resources to lend money to other countries to help in their development process. The U.S has used its banking industry as a tool to improve its diplomatic relations with many countries. For instance the U.S. controls Panama and the channel since they have provided a lot of the money used for expanding the canal which is extremely important for the trading activity between North and South America. The FDIC was created in 1933 and at the time it guaranteed the client’s money up to $2500. Today the FDIC guarantees deposits up to $250,000. The FDIC insurance was very instrumental in the growth of the banking industry during the past 50 years. Foreigners felt a greater level of security depositing their money in U.S banks because their local banks could not offer the types of guarantees in their deposits that the U.S. banks could due to their FDIC insurance protocol. In the 1980’s approximately 20% of the deposits of U.S. banks came from its international branches. During this decade there were inflationary forces in the U.S economy. At the time the government created The Emergency Credit Control Act which gave the Federal Reserve virtually unlimited powers to alter the nature of financial services available in the economy during emergency periods (Hester). The Reagan Administration did a bad job of controlling interest rates, but his tax cut initiatives during the early part of the 1980’s helped apprec iate the value of the U.S. Dollar in international markets. A lot of restructuring of banks occurred during this era. The United States during the 20th century was the biggest international player in the banking industry. The country’s banking sector aggressively expanding into the foreign territory to take advantage of foreign

Cadbury Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cadbury - Essay Example It is interesting to note that the Cadbury family were Quakers (The Story of Cadbury, n.d); as Quakers, it was their job to carry out reforms to bring positive changes to the social and industrial life of society. The Cadbury family even tried to eliminate poverty and deprivation; John Cadbury actually introduced chocolate and related products to act as substitutes for alcohol since he believed alcohol was the main cause of poverty in the lower classes of society (The Story of Cadbury, n.d). More of the Cadburys dedication towards improving life for others can be seen in the way in 1893 120 acres of land were bought by them near the Bourneville factory, to house the workers (The Story, n.d), and from the way they were producing chocolates on a large scale and thus affordable for everyone and not just limiting it to the elite classes (The Story, n.d). The Cadburys even encouraged their customers to interact with them and their production process by setting up tours of the factory in 1 988 (The Story, n.d). In my opinion, this kind of humanistic attitude should be there in managing businesses; customers are the only reason why businesses can sell their products and make profits, and it only makes sense that the customers should be paid attention to and taken care of. I especially liked how the factory tours were set up which would allow the customers to witness the production process themselves and even feel part of and connected to the business on a personal level. The Cadbury family had created a favorable public image of themselves and their chocolate business, and this image has been maintained throughout the years into today. In my opinion, a business is nothing without its consumers; businesses have to construct a favorable image of themselves in order to sell a product. For example, it has set up the Cadbury Cocoa Partnership and provide money to small cocoa farms in Ghana, India, Indonesia and the Caribbean (The Story, n.d); this money is used